{"id":5203,"date":"2026-03-08T09:12:27","date_gmt":"2026-03-08T09:12:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pipetechservice.com\/?p=5203"},"modified":"2026-06-20T01:05:20","modified_gmt":"2026-06-20T01:05:20","slug":"what-are-the-primary-causes-of-longitudinal-cracks-in-aging-oil-pipelines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pipetechservice.com\/ar\/what-are-the-primary-causes-of-longitudinal-cracks-in-aging-oil-pipelines\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 15-20% \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-mechanism-of-scc\">\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 SCC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a (SCC) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a (SCC) \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>SCC \u0630\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 SCC \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 9. \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SCC \u0630\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 6 \u06487. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-contributing-factors\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SCC). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 X70 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 -730 \u0648-920 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a (SCE)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-detection-and-assessment\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a (SCC):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-what-role-does-hydrogen-induced-cracking-play-in-longitudinal-failures\">2. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-hydrogen-damage-process\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 API X70 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td><td>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td><td>\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0634\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td><td>\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/td><td>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-stress-oriented-hydrogen-induced-cracking-sohic\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (SOHIC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (SOHIC) \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (HIC)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 HIC \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 API 5L X46\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-environmental-factors\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a (HIC). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-how-do-manufacturing-and-construction-defects-contribute\">3. \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 (PHMSA) \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 2010 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2022\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 -3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mill-defects-and-seam-issues\">\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/strong>: \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637\u064a<\/strong>: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u062b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong>: \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 52 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 API 5L X46\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-construction-and-installation-damage\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/strong>: \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0645<\/strong>: \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 TC Energy \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 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id=\"h-pitting-corrosion-mechanisms\">\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 API 5L X52 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 6 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\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td><td>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td><td>\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-water-accumulation-and-internal-corrosion\">\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a -5. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 6 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-5-how-can-pipeline-operators-detect-and-assess-longitudinal-cracks\">5. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-inspection-technologies\">\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a (ILI)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (EMAT)<\/strong>: \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a (MFL)<\/strong>: \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (MT) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (PAUT) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alternating current field measurement (ACFM) for crack detection through coatings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-crack-assessment-methodologies\">Crack Assessment Methodologies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Once cracks are detected, operators must determine their significance:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Acceptance criteria<\/strong>: Compare crack dimensions to allowable limits in codes such as ASME B31.4 or B31.8<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fitness-for-service assessment<\/strong>: Apply engineering critical assessment (ECA) methods to determine maximum allowable crack size<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Growth rate analysis<\/strong>: Evaluate crack propagation rates based on operating conditions and inspection history<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Remaining life calculation<\/strong>: Predict time to critical crack size for remediation planning<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-repair-and-remediation-options\">Repair and Remediation Options<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pipeline maintenance contractors provide several repair solutions for cracked pipelines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Repair Method<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th><th>Advantages<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Grinding<\/td><td>Shallow surface cracks<\/td><td>Permanent repair when within design limits<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Composite wrap<\/td><td>Non-leaking cracks<\/td><td>Restores strength without welding<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steel sleeve<\/td><td>Full-encirclement reinforcement<\/td><td>Provides permanent structural reinforcement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pipe replacement<\/td><td>Extensive cracking or multiple defects<\/td><td>Complete elimination of cracked section<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Hot tapping and pipeline plugging services enable section replacement without shutting down the entire pipeline system. These techniques allow operators to isolate the damaged segment while maintaining flow through temporary bypass piping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-6-what-pipeline-integrity-standards-apply-to-crack-management\">6. What Pipeline Integrity Standards Apply to Crack Management?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Industry standards provide the framework for managing longitudinal cracks throughout the pipeline lifecycle. Pipeline operators, engineering contractors, and integrity service providers must comply with applicable codes and recommended practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-design-and-construction-standards\">Design and Construction Standards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>API 5L<\/strong>: Specification for line pipe material properties and testing requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ASME B31.4<\/strong>: Pipeline transportation systems for liquid hydrocarbons<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ASME B31.8<\/strong>: Gas transmission and distribution piping systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-integrity-management-standards\">Integrity Management Standards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>API 1160<\/strong>: Managing system integrity for hazardous liquid pipelines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ASME B31.8S<\/strong>: Managing system integrity of gas pipelines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NACE SP0204<\/strong>: Stress corrosion cracking management for pipelines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-inspection-and-assessment-standards\">Inspection and Assessment Standards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>API 579-1\/ASME FFS-1<\/strong>: Fitness-for-service assessment procedures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NACE TM0103<\/strong>: Laboratory procedures for evaluating HIC resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ASTM E1820<\/strong>: Standard test method for fracture toughness measurement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-7-how-do-operating-conditions-influence-crack-propagation\">7. How Do Operating Conditions Influence Crack Propagation?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The interaction between pipeline operating parameters and crack growth mechanisms determines the rate at which longitudinal cracks approach critical size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-pressure-cycling-effects\">Pressure Cycling Effects<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Oil pipelines experience significant pressure variations due to normal operations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pump startup and shutdown cycles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Batch changes between different products<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delivery rate fluctuations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emergency shutdown events<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Each pressure cycle contributes to fatigue crack growth, particularly at stress concentration points such as corrosion pits or weld defects. Research indicates that fatigue stress behavior is significantly affected by operating environment, geometry of corroded sections, pipe material properties, and time-dependent corrosion propagation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-temperature-considerations\">Temperature Considerations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Operating temperature influences multiple cracking mechanisms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Corrosion rates<\/strong>: Increase exponentially with temperature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hydrogen solubility<\/strong>: Higher temperatures increase hydrogen diffusion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Material toughness<\/strong>: Decreases at low temperatures, increasing fracture risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coating performance<\/strong>: Temperature cycling can degrade coating adhesion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-flow-regime-effects\">Flow Regime Effects<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The hydrodynamic characteristics of flow within pipelines enhance corrosion processes. Turbulent flow increases mass transfer of corrosive species, while stratified flow allows water accumulation at low points. Pipeline operators must consider flow velocity when evaluating internal corrosion risk:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Low velocities (&lt;1 m\/s) allow water and solids to settle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Optimal velocities (1.5-3 m\/s) keep entrained water dispersed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High velocities (>4 m\/s) increase erosion-corrosion rates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Longitudinal cracks in aging oil pipelines result from complex interactions between material properties, manufacturing quality, operating conditions, and environmental factors. Stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, and manufacturing defects represent the primary mechanisms, all of which are accelerated by cyclic pressure loading and corrosive environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Effective crack management requires comprehensive integrity programs incorporating:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Regular in-line inspection with crack-detection tools<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Direct assessment of high-risk pipeline segments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Engineering critical assessment of detected cracks<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Timely repair using qualified maintenance procedures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Continuous monitoring of operating conditions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pipeline operators should work closely with experienced engineering contractors and maintenance service providers to develop and implement crack management programs tailored to their specific pipeline systems. Companies specializing in pipeline integrity services offer solutions ranging from inspection and assessment to repair and rehabilitation, including hot tapping, pipeline plugging, and trenchless rehabilitation technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By understanding the root causes of longitudinal cracking and implementing appropriate integrity management strategies, operators can extend the safe operating life of aging pipeline assets while minimizing environmental and safety risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Author: Senior Pipeline Integrity Engineer, JSW Pipeline Services<\/strong><br><strong>Updated: March 2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-jsw-brand-positioning\">JSW Brand Positioning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>JSW Pipeline Services: Comprehensive Solutions for Aging Pipeline Integrity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With over two decades of specialized experience in pipeline maintenance and integrity services, JSW delivers comprehensive solutions for operators facing longitudinal cracking challenges in aging oil pipelines. Our integrated approach combines advanced inspection technologies, engineering expertise, and field-proven repair methodologies to extend asset life and ensure safe operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Our Service Capabilities:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pipeline Inspection &amp; Assessment:<\/strong>\u00a0State-of-the-art ultrasonic and electromagnetic inspection tools, field NDT services, and engineering critical assessment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hot Tapping &amp; Stopple Services:<\/strong>\u00a0Safe isolation and bypass solutions for in-service pipeline repairs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pipeline Repair &amp; Rehabilitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Composite wraps, steel sleeves, and full-section replacement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Trenchless Rehabilitation:<\/strong>\u00a0Minimally invasive technologies for pipeline restoration without excavation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maintenance &amp; Integrity Programs:<\/strong>\u00a0Customized integrity management plans, direct assessment, and compliance support<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Why Partner with JSW?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0Our team includes API-certified inspectors, NACE corrosion specialists, and welding engineers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0Successfully completed over 1,000 pipeline integrity projects across diverse operating conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Safety Excellence:<\/strong>\u00a0Industry-leading safety programs with zero lost-time incidents in pipeline service operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Comprehensive Solutions:<\/strong>\u00a0Single-source responsibility from inspection through repair and documentation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Reach:<\/strong>\u00a0Supporting pipeline operators across multiple continents with local service delivery<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Contact JSW today to discuss how our pipeline integrity services can help you manage longitudinal cracking risks and extend the safe operating life of your aging pipeline assets. Our engineering team is available to review your specific challenges and recommend cost-effective solutions tailored to your operating conditions.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Longitudinal cracks in aging oil pipelines are primarily caused by stress corrosion cracking (SCC), hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), and manufacturing defects, all of which are accelerated by cyclic pressure loading and corrosive environments. 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