{"id":5796,"date":"2026-06-02T01:53:21","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T01:53:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pipetechservice.com\/?p=5796"},"modified":"2026-06-13T12:33:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T12:33:00","slug":"dbb-line-stopping-in-hot-crude-pipelines-150-260c-fkm-vs-ffkm-selection-testing-and-safety-limits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pipetechservice.com\/ar\/dbb-line-stopping-in-hot-crude-pipelines-150-260c-fkm-vs-ffkm-selection-testing-and-safety-limits\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637 DBB \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 (150\u2013260 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629): \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 FKM \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 FFKM\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-best-elastomer-for-150-c-dbb-line-stopping\">\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637 DBB \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elastomer-selection-by-temperature\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>150\u2013170 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (&lt;15%)<\/td><td>FKM (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>150\u2013200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 FFKM<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>170\u2013200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645)<\/td><td>\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 FFKM<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>200\u2013260 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645)<\/td><td>FFKM \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629)<\/td><td>\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 FFKM<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-double-block-and-bleed-dbb-line-stopping-in-high-temperature-pipelines\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u00bb (DBB) \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u00bb (DBB) \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 2.12 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASME PCC-2 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 FFKM \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 DBB\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-double-block-and-bleed-dbb-line-stopping-for-150-c-crude-pipelines-elastomer-selection-guide\">\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u00bb (DBB) \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u00bb (DBB) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 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\u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-dbb-line-stopping-and-why-does-temperature-matter\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637 DBB\u00bb \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u00ab\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u00bb \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 NBR \u0623\u0648 HNBR \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645). \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1,000 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648175 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM D395 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM D471. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0629 HNBR \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f 60% \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 6 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 FKM \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0640 85% \u0628\u0639\u062f 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-does-crude-oil-chemistry-accelerate-elastomer-failure\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 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\u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-which-elastomers-are-qualified-for-150-c-crude-service\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 2.12 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASME PCC-2 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1,200 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642)\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 DBB \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/th><th>\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/th><th>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 (24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\/150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c ASTM D395)<\/th><th>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/th><th>\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 DBB<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>FKM (\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 A)<\/td><td>200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u226425%<\/td><td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td><td>\u0646\u0639\u0645 (\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FFKM (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0632\/\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0632)<\/td><td>260 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u226415%<\/td><td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td><td>\u0646\u0639\u0645 (\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HNBR (\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639)<\/td><td>150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/td><td>\u226540%<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td><td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a JSW \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (2023-2025)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-is-fkm-the-minimum-acceptable-standard\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FKM \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0631 (FKM)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u00ab\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u00bb (Viton)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646-\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 FKM \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 72 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FKM \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a DBB:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645: 78-85%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629: 120% (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a 180%)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648: \u0645\u0646 +8% \u0625\u0644\u0649 +12% (\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642: 150 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FKM \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 180 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 180 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FKM \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631<\/strong><br>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FKM \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 180 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 12 \u0625\u0644\u0649 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-must-you-specify-ffkm\">\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FFKM\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a (FFKM) \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0629 FFKM \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a 100% \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 8 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FKM\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 DBB\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FFKM \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0631 24 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 172 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 48 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FFKM\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0629 DBB \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 52 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 5%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-fkm-vs-ffkm-for-dbb-line-stopping-direct-comparison\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 FKM \u0648 FFKM \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 DBB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 FKM \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 FFKM \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0640 8 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062d\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0FKM ~170-180 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061b FFKM \u062d\u062a\u0649 260 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0FKM: \u062e\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u061b FFKM: \u062e\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 (175 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 100 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c ASTM D395):<\/strong>\u00a0FKM ~35%\u061b FFKM ~8%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 170 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 FKM \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 FFKM \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FKM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FFKM \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-do-you-verify-sealing-integrity-before-hot-work-commencing\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c DBB. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASME PCC-2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 2.12\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-1-initial-mechanical-set-confirmation\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-2-double-block-isolation-test\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u062e \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 50%. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 DBB \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 15 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 2% \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u22641% \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 15 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 15 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 2% \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 15 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u2013 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-3-thermal-stabilization-and-retest\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 30 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/strong><br>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-limits-of-dbb-line-stopping-at-high-temperature\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062e\u0637 DBB \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 DBB \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maximum temperature for any elastomer in crude service: 260\u00b0C (FFKM limit)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum differential pressure across a single seal: 300 psi (above this, extrusion occurs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum operating duration at 150-200\u00b0C: 72 hours (after this, FKM becomes unreliable)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not suitable for pipelines with significant ovality (>2% of diameter)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not suitable for lines with heavy scale or wax deposits exceeding 3mm thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In one documented failure from a North Sea operator, a DBB line stopping was attempted at 195\u00b0C using FKM seals despite our recommendations. After 14 hours, the vent port showed active crude leakage. Upon retrieval, the downstream seal had completely lost its lip geometry. The hot work was halted, costing the operator $47,000 per hour in downtime. The correct material would have been FFKM at an incremental cost of $2,800.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-by-step-field-procedure-for-high-temperature-dbb-line-stopping\">Step-by-Step Field Procedure for High-Temperature DBB Line Stopping<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For field engineers and operations supervisors, here is the verified workflow that has been successfully executed on over 300 high-temperature crude pipeline projects. We provide high-temperature DBB line stopping solutions, including FFKM sealing systems and on-site verification support for critical pipeline interventions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pre-job checklist:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Confirm actual pipeline temperature using contact thermometer (not SCADA reading)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Obtain crude sample and measure aromatics content (>25% requires FFKM)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verify pipe roundness using internal caliper tool<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Select elastomer using decision matrix below<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pressure-test plugger assembly in heated test fixture at same temperature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Installation sequence:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Weld the fitting and install the line stopping valve per ASME PCC-2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heat the plugger assembly in a portable oven to pipeline temperature minus 20\u00b0C (prevents thermal shock)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Insert plugger through the valve and advance to stop position<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apply setting torque using calibrated torque wrench (do not exceed 150 ft-lbs for 4-inch pluggers)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Perform the three-step verification protocol described above<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establish DBB isolation and open vent port to atmosphere<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confirm zero flow from vent port for 30 minutes before hot work authorization<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decision-matrix-for-elastomer-selection\">Decision Matrix for Elastomer Selection<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/th><th>Verification Frequency<\/th><th>Max Safe Duration<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>150-170\u00b0C, sweet crude (aromatics &lt;15%)<\/td><td>FKM (Viton GF-S)<\/td><td>Every 12 hours<\/td><td>72 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>150-170\u00b0C, sour or high-aromatic crude<\/td><td>FFKM<\/td><td>Every 24 hours<\/td><td>120 hours<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>170-200\u00b0C, any crude<\/td><td>FFKM (high-temperature grade)<\/td><td>Every 8 hours<\/td><td>48 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>200-260\u00b0C, any crude<\/td><td>FFKM (perfluoroelastomer)<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-does-elastomer-compression-set-directly-impact-dbb-safety\">How Does Elastomer Compression Set Directly Impact DBB Safety?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Compression set is the permanent deformation remaining after a sealing force is removed. In DBB line stopping, this translates directly to loss of sealing pressure. When an elastomer compresses against the pipe wall, it creates interfacial stress. Over time at high temperature, polymer chains relax and reorient, reducing that stress even without chemical degradation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The relationship is mathematically predictable:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For every 10\u00b0C increase above 100\u00b0C, the compression set rate approximately doubles. A seal that achieves 15% compression set at 100\u00b0C after 24 hours will reach 30% set at 140\u00b0C and 60% set at 180\u00b0C in the same timeframe. This is why a seal that works perfectly at 120\u00b0C can fail catastrophically at 155\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our accelerated life testing at 175\u00b0C shows that FFKM achieves less than 10% compression set after 100 hours, while FKM reaches 35% set after the same duration. For a 24-hour hot work window, both are acceptable. For a 72-hour window, only FFKM provides adequate safety margin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-the-cost-difference-between-fkm-and-ffkm-for-dbb-line-stopping\">What is the cost difference between FKM and FFKM for DBB line stopping?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The material cost for a 6-inch DBB plugger seal set is approximately $420 for FKM and $3,800 for FFKM. However, the total project cost for a typical pipeline hot work operation ranges from $45,000 to $180,000. The incremental $3,380 for FFKM represents less than 8% of project cost but reduces failure risk from approximately 12% (with FKM at 170\u00b0C) to less than 0.5% (with FFKM). For life-safety applications, this is not a financial decision but an engineering standard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-real-world-case-study-168-c-crude-line-isolation-for-bypass-installation\">Real-World Case Study: 168\u00b0C Crude Line Isolation for Bypass Installation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A Gulf Coast refinery required a 36-hour hot work window to install a bypass around an aging check valve. Pipeline conditions were 168\u00b0C, 220 psi, with crude containing 22% aromatics and 1.8% sulfur. The project team initially specified FKM seals based on temperature alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our on-site engineer reviewed the crude analysis and recommended FFKM due to the aromatics content exceeding 20%. The operator accepted the upgrade. The three-step verification protocol showed zero vent port leakage at initial test, zero leakage at thermal stabilization retest, and zero leakage throughout the 38-hour operation. Post-job seal inspection showed less than 8% compression set and no surface degradation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The adjacent unit had performed a similar line stop six months earlier using FKM at 152\u00b0C with low-aromatic crude. That job also succeeded but showed 22% compression set on the retrieved seals. The difference in material selection was appropriate for the respective conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-faq-double-block-and-bleed-line-stopping-at-high-temperature\">FAQ: Double Block and Bleed Line Stopping at High Temperature<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What is the leakage performance of DBB line stopping at high temperature?<\/strong><br>DBB line stopping can achieve zero leakage at high temperature, but only with proper elastomer selection (typically FFKM above 170\u00b0C or for extended duration) and adherence to the three-step verification protocol defined in ASME PCC-2 Article 2.12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Why does HNBR fail above 150\u00b0C?<\/strong><br>HNBR undergoes rapid compression set and chemical degradation in hot crude environments. At 150\u00b0C, it loses over 60% of sealing load within 6 hours due to crosslink scission and aromatic swelling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How long can a DBB isolation safely hold?<\/strong><br>Typically 24 to 72 hours depending on elastomer and temperature. FKM at 150\u00b0C is reliable for 72 hours. FFKM at 200\u00b0C is reliable for 48 hours. Above 200\u00b0C, limit FFKM to 24 hours with continuous monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Is FKM safe for sour crude pipelines?<\/strong><br>Only in limited conditions (temperature below 170\u00b0C, duration under 24 hours, low H2S content). For sour crude with measurable hydrogen sulfide, FFKM is preferred due to its superior sulfide resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What is the difference between DBB and single block isolation?<\/strong><br>Single block isolation uses one sealing element with no verification capability. DBB uses two independent seals with a vented cavity, allowing continuous verification that zero leakage is occurring. For hot work on flammable fluids above autoignition temperature, DBB is mandatory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Can you perform line stopping without pipeline shutdown?<\/strong><br>Yes. Line stopping is specifically designed for live pipeline intervention without shutdown. The fitting is welded under pressure, and the plugger is inserted through a valve. This is also known as hot tapping and line stopping.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Best Elastomer for 150\u00b0C+ DBB Line Stopping For double block and bleed line stopping in high-temperature crude pipelines, the elastomer selection follows this rule: Elastomer Selection by Temperature Pipeline Condition Recommended Elastomer 150\u2013170\u00b0C, low aromatics (&lt;15%) FKM (minimum acceptable) 150\u2013200\u00b0C, sour or high-aromatic crude FFKM required 170\u2013200\u00b0C (any crude) FFKM recommended 200\u2013260\u00b0C (any crude) Only [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5797,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_surecart_dashboard_logo_width":"180px","_surecart_dashboard_show_logo":true,"_surecart_dashboard_navigation_orders":true,"_surecart_dashboard_navigation_invoices":true,"_surecart_dashboard_navigation_subscriptions":true,"_surecart_dashboard_navigation_downloads":true,"_surecart_dashboard_navigation_billing":true,"_surecart_dashboard_navigation_account":true,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[340],"tags":[931,929,928,930,927],"class_list":["post-5796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-asme-pcc-2-line-stopping","tag-dbb-verification-procedure","tag-double-block-and-bleed-line-stopping","tag-fkm-vs-ffkm-compression-set","tag-high-temperature-crude-pipeline-sealing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.5 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>DBB Line Stopping in Hot Crude Pipelines: FKM vs FFKM Selection Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to achieve safe Double Block and Bleed (DBB) line stopping in high-temperature crude pipelines (150\u2013260\u00b0C). Compare FKM vs FFKM, understand seal failure mechanisms, and follow proven verification procedures for zero-leak isolation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pipetechservice.com\/ar\/dbb-line-stopping-in-hot-crude-pipelines-150-260c-fkm-vs-ffkm-selection-testing-and-safety-limits\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DBB Line Stopping in Hot Crude Pipelines (150\u2013260\u00b0C): FKM vs FFKM Selection, Testing, and Safety Limits\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn how to achieve safe Double Block and Bleed (DBB) line stopping in high-temperature crude pipelines (150\u2013260\u00b0C). 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