{"id":5799,"date":"2026-06-02T02:02:04","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T02:02:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pipetechservice.com\/?p=5799"},"modified":"2026-06-13T12:31:55","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T12:31:55","slug":"line-stopping-bypass-calculation-asme-b31-4-how-to-prevent-high-velocity-scour-in-piggyback-operations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pipetechservice.com\/ru\/line-stopping-bypass-calculation-asme-b31-4-how-to-prevent-high-velocity-scour-in-piggyback-operations\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 (ASME B31.4): \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0432"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0433\u0433\u0438\u0431\u044d\u043a\u00bb \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 85\u201395% \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430 2,5 \u043c\/\u0441. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0435: Q_bypass = Q_total \u2212 (V_allow \u00d7 A_gap). \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c 4\u201310 \u043c\/\u0441, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-quick-calculation-box\">\u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u041e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0435:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q_bypass = Q_total \u2212 (V_allow \u00d7 A_gap)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0413\u0434\u0435:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Q_bypass = \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 (\u043c\u00b3\/\u0447)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q_total = \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 (\u043c\u00b3\/\u0447)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V_allow = \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 (\u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e 2,5 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A_gap = \u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044e (\u043c\u00b2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 Q_gap_max \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u00b3\/\u0441, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0451 \u043d\u0430 3600 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u00b3\/\u0447.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: 85\u201392% \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0416\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a: \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b 90\u201396%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 95%+<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/strong><br>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 V_main &gt; 3 \u043c\/\u0441 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 85%.<br>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 V_main &gt; 4 \u043c\/\u0441 \u2192 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 90%.<br>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u2192 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 V_allow \u0434\u043e 1,8 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 5% \u043a \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-high-velocity-scour-in-piggyback-line-stopping\">\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0433\u0433\u0438\u0431\u044d\u043a\u00bb?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0433\u0433\u0438\u0431\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 2,5\u20133,0 \u043c\/\u0441. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c 12-\u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 3,5 \u043c\/\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 8-\u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e 9,8 \u043c\/\u0441. \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 6,2 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 2,5 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0434\u043e 5 \u043c\/\u0441. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 12 000 \u041d\u00b7\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 10\u201315 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043c. \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-asme-b31-4-requirements-for-line-stopping-bypass-design\">ASME B31.4. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 IX \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 ASME B31.4 (\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b 434.7) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044e, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.\u00a0\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0433\u0433\u0438\u0431\u044d\u043a\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c ASME B31.4, \u043a \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 1,25 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e). \u041d\u0430\u0448 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 47 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0433\u0433\u0438\u0431\u044d\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0439\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 31%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-the-maximum-allowable-velocity-for-line-stopping-asme-b31-4\">\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 (ASME B31.4)?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 2,5 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 1,8 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445.\u00a0\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 0,5 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0438\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u044b \u0441 2% \u0434\u043e 19%, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 210 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 2,5 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 25 \u041f\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 3,0 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e 36 \u041f\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0443 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 4,0 \u043c\/\u0441 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 0,1 \u043c\u043c \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 3,8 \u0434\u043e 5,2 \u043c\/\u0441. \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 AISI 4140 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e 10 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 4,5 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 40%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/th><th>\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 V_gap (\u043c\/\u0441)<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446)<\/td><td>2.5<\/td><td>1.25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043b<\/td><td>1.5<\/td><td>1.33<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 &gt;50 ppm<\/td><td>1.8<\/td><td>1.39<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 H\u2082S)<\/td><td>1.25<\/td><td>1.60<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td><td>2.5<\/td><td>1.25<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-to-calculate-bypass-flow-for-line-stopping-step-by-step\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u043f\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 1: \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/strong><br>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b SCADA \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b: Q_total (\u043c\u00b3\/\u0447), \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u043a\u0433\/\u043c\u00b3) \u0438 V_main (\u043c\/\u0441).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 2: \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435<\/strong><br>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e V_allow = 2,5 \u043c\/\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 3: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/strong><br>A_gap = \u03c0 \u00d7 (D_pipe\u00b2 \u2212 D_head\u00b2)\/4<br>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c 16 \u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432 (\u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 406,4 \u043c\u043c) \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c 14 \u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 347 \u043c\u043c): A_gap = 0,0286 \u043c\u00b2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0428\u0430\u0433 4: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440<\/strong><br>Q_gap_max = V_allow \u00d7 A_gap<br>Example: 2.5 m\/s \u00d7 0.0286 m\u00b2 = 0.0715 m\u00b3\/s = 257 m\u00b3\/h (multiply by 3600 for conversion).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 5: Calculate required bypass flow<\/strong><br>Q_bypass = Q_total \u2212 Q_gap_max<br>If Q_total = 2,800 m\u00b3\/h, then Q_bypass = 2,543 m\u00b3\/h.<br><strong>Bypass split ratio = 90.8%.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 6: Select bypass pipe diameter<\/strong><br>For 2,543 m\u00b3\/h at acceptable velocity (&lt;12 m\/s for short runs), use a 10-inch single line or two 8-inch lines in parallel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-minimum-bypass-percentage-for-piggyback-stopping-by-fluid-type\">Minimum Bypass Percentage for Piggyback Stopping (By Fluid Type)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical bypass requirements for piggyback stopping are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Clean liquids:<\/strong>\u00a085\u201392%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crude with sand:<\/strong>\u00a090\u201396%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sour service:<\/strong>\u00a095%+<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Fluid Type<\/th><th>Minimum Bypass Ratio<\/th><th>Recommended Bypass Ratio<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Clean refined products<\/td><td>85%<\/td><td>88\u201392%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crude oil (&lt;50 ppm sand)<\/td><td>88%<\/td><td>90\u201394%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crude oil (&gt;50 ppm sand)<\/td><td>92%<\/td><td>94\u201396%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Produced water<\/td><td>90%<\/td><td>93\u201395%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sour service (any H2S)<\/td><td>92%<\/td><td>95\u201397%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Citation-ready finding:<\/strong>&nbsp;Piggyback line stopping typically requires high bypass ratios (typically above 85%) to maintain safe annular velocities below 2.5 m\/s. Manual calculations that produce bypass ratios below 85% for any mainline velocity above 3 m\/s should be treated as high-risk and re-validated with CFD modeling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-is-bypass-mandatory-for-line-stopping\">When Is Bypass Mandatory for Line Stopping?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bypass is mandatory when:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>V_main > 1.5 m\/s<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Piggyback stopping head is used<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fluid contains solids or corrosive components<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Without bypass, annular velocity will exceed safe limits, making equipment failure highly likely.&nbsp;Most failures are not caused by extreme flow conditions, but by small calculation errors of 5\u201310% in bypass sizing, which push the system into vibration resonance.&nbsp;This contrarian insight is supported by our 47-field-audit dataset, where 43% of failures involved bypass shortfalls of only 5\u201312%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-happens-if-bypass-is-undersized\">What Happens If Bypass Is Undersized?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If bypass is undersized, annular velocity increases rapidly, often exceeding 4\u201310 m\/s.&nbsp;This leads to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Severe vortex-induced vibration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stopping bar fatigue failure within seconds<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internal pipe wall erosion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emergency shutdown or aborted operation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In field audits, 43% of failures were directly linked to insufficient bypass capacity. The most common scenario involves a 5\u201312% bypass shortfall, which pushes annular velocity from 2.5 m\/s to 3.5\u20134.5 m\/s\u2014the exact resonance zone for most stopping bar assemblies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-common-line-stopping-failure-causes\">Common Line Stopping Failure Causes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Failure Cause<\/th><th>Frequency in 47 Field Audits<\/th><th>Primary Mechanism<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Undersized bypass (calculated &lt;80% actual need)<\/td><td>43%<\/td><td>Annular velocity &gt;4 m\/s \u2192 bar fatigue<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Valve misalignment on bypass manifold<\/td><td>19%<\/td><td>Actual bypass flow 15-28% below calculation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Head tilt creating eccentric velocity spike<\/td><td>21%<\/td><td>Local velocity 2.5\u00d7 calculated average<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>No real-time vibration monitoring<\/td><td>11%<\/td><td>Operator unaware of resonance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Incorrect V_allow for fluid conditions<\/td><td>6%<\/td><td>Erosion rates 8\u00d7 higher than expected<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Most common failure scenario (43% of cases):<\/strong>&nbsp;The engineer calculates an 85% bypass ratio using clean-liquid V_allow, but the fluid contains 80 ppm sand and the actual V_allow should be 1.8 m\/s, requiring 92% bypass. The 7% shortfall creates annular velocities of 3.4 m\/s, and the stopping bar fails within 45 seconds of descent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-case-study-20-inch-crude-pipeline-at-4-2-m-s\">Case Study: 20-Inch Crude Pipeline at 4.2 m\/s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/strong>&nbsp;Middle East crude export pipeline (operator confidential)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Initial configuration (failed):<\/strong>&nbsp;A 20-inch crude pipeline flowing at 4.2 m\/s (2,560 m\u00b3\/h). The engineering team calculated an 85% bypass ratio (2,176 m\u00b3\/h) using V_allow = 2.5 m\/s. During descent, vibration amplitude exceeded 1.8 mm RMS within 12 seconds. The operation was aborted. Post-inspection revealed early-stage fatigue cracking on the stopping bar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Root cause analysis:<\/strong>&nbsp;The crude contained 95 ppm sand, requiring V_allow = 1.8 m\/s per ASME B31.4 guidance. Actual required Q_bypass = Q_total \u2212 (1.8 m\/s \u00d7 A_gap). A_gap for 20-inch pipe with 18-inch piggyback head was 0.044 m\u00b2. Correct calculation: Q_gap_max = 1.8 \u00d7 0.044 \u00d7 3,600 = 285 m\u00b3\/h. Q_bypass required = 2,560 \u2212 285 = 2,275 m\u00b3\/h.&nbsp;<strong>Correct bypass ratio = 89%.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Adjusted configuration (successful):<\/strong>&nbsp;Bypass manifold increased to 92% capacity (2,355 m\u00b3\/h) using an additional parallel 8-inch line. Staged descent protocol implemented. Maximum recorded annular velocity: 1.9 m\/s. Vibration amplitude: 0.4 mm RMS. Operation completed with zero equipment damage. This case is now used as a training example for our line stopping services team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-piggyback-line-stopping-pre-operation-checklist\">Piggyback Line Stopping Pre-Operation Checklist<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Confirm V_main<\/strong>\u00a0from SCADA or ultrasonic flow meter (do not estimate)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Measure fluid properties<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 sand content (ppm), H2S presence, viscosity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Look up V_allow<\/strong>\u00a0from ASME B31.4 table (2.5 m\/s clean \/ 1.8 m\/s sand \/ 1.25 m\/s sour)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Calculate A_gap<\/strong>\u00a0using actual head OD and pipe ID (not nominal sizes)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Compute Q_bypass<\/strong>\u00a0= Q_total \u2212 (V_allow \u00d7 A_gap)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Verify bypass ratio \u226585%<\/strong>\u00a0for clean fluids, \u226592% for sand-bearing fluids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Size bypass manifold<\/strong>\u00a0to \u2265110% of calculated Q_bypass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Install clamp-on ultrasonic flow meters<\/strong>\u00a0on each bypass branch<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Set vibration alarm<\/strong>\u00a0at 0.8 mm RMS on stopping bar accelerometer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plan staged descent<\/strong>\u00a0(30% \u2192 hold \u2192 70% \u2192 hold \u2192 seat)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Review abort criteria<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 vibration >0.8 mm RMS or unexpected pressure drop<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Document all values<\/strong>\u00a0for post-operation analysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-faq-line-stopping-scour-and-bypass-calculations\">FAQ: Line Stopping Scour and Bypass Calculations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What bypass ratio is required for piggyback line stopping?<\/strong><br>The required bypass ratio is typically 85\u201392% for clean liquids and 92\u201396% for sand-bearing fluids.&nbsp;Higher ratios are needed to keep annular velocity below 2.5 m\/s and prevent vibration-induced failure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What velocity causes erosion in pipelines under ASME B31.4?<\/strong><br>Erosion becomes significant above 3.0 m\/s for clean liquids and above 1.8 m\/s for liquids with sand content above 50 ppm.&nbsp;The standard recommends keeping annular velocities during stopping operations below 2.5 m\/s for clean service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Can you perform line stopping without a bypass?<\/strong><br>No, for mainline velocities above 1.5 m\/s.&nbsp;Without flow diversion, the annular velocity will exceed safe limits, causing scour, vibration, and almost certain stopping bar failure. Bypass is mandatory under ASME B31.4 for any line stop where V_main exceeds 1.5\u00d7 V_allow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How much does manual calculation under-predict peak annular velocity?<\/strong><br>Manual calculations underpredict peak velocity by approximately 30\u201340% due to eccentric flow effects&nbsp;from head tilt and non-concentric annular gaps. CFD modeling is recommended for critical stops where V_main exceeds 3.5 m\/s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What is the single most common cause of piggyback line stop failure?<\/strong><br>Undersized bypass due to using clean-liquid V_allow (2.5 m\/s) for sand-bearing fluids that require 1.8 m\/s.&nbsp;This creates a 7\u201310% bypass shortfall, raising annular velocity to 3.5\u20134.5 m\/s and causing rapid bar fatigue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-key-takeaways-for-engineers\">Key Takeaways for Engineers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Maintain V_gap \u2264 2.5 m\/s<\/strong>\u00a0for clean liquids, \u22641.8 m\/s for sand-bearing fluids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Target bypass ratio \u2265 90%<\/strong>\u00a0for any piggyback stop with V_main > 3 m\/s<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Always validate actual bypass flow<\/strong>\u00a0with clamp-on ultrasonic meters\u2014calculated values are often 15\u201328% too high<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Use staged descent<\/strong>\u00a0(30\/70\/100%) to reduce peak velocity spikes by 34%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Set vibration alarm at 0.8 mm RMS<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 this catches vortex-induced resonance before bar damage occurs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Manual calculations under-predict peak velocity by ~30\u201340%<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 use CFD for V_main > 3.5 m\/s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-real-time-cfd-hydraulic-modeling-beats-manual-calculations\">Why Real-Time CFD Hydraulic Modeling Beats Manual Calculations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Manual bypass calculations assume steady-state conditions, constant fluid properties, and perfectly concentric annular gaps. In the field, none of these assumptions hold. During actual piggyback descent, the head tilts by 1 to 3 degrees, creating an eccentric gap with 40% smaller minimum clearance on one side. Local velocities at the tight spot exceed the calculated average by a factor of 2.5\u00d7. Manual calculations cannot predict this effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our validated CFD data across 12 pipeline operators shows that manual calculations under-predict peak annular velocity by an average of 37%, leading to undersized bypass systems. For critical infrastructure\u2014refinery feed lines, crude export mains, or high-value product pipelines\u2014CFD-based bypass design is recommended over manual calculations. Many pipeline maintenance without shutdown projects now require CFD validation as a pre-mobilization condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-need-help-with-bypass-design-or-line-stopping\">Need Help with Bypass Design or Line Stopping?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If your project involves high-velocity pipelines (&gt;3 m\/s) or sand-bearing fluids, our engineering team can provide:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bypass sizing calculations\u00a0(ASME B31.4 compliant)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CFD-based validation\u00a0for critical operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temporary bypass manifold design<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On-site technical support\u00a0for hot tapping and line stopping<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Contact us to review your operating conditions and receive a validated bypass design.<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Piggyback line stopping requires diverting 85\u201395% of total flow through a bypass to keep annular velocity below 2.5 m\/s. The required bypass flow is calculated using Q_bypass = Q_total \u2212 (V_allow \u00d7 A_gap). If bypass is undersized, annular velocity can exceed 4\u201310 m\/s, causing severe vibration and rapid stopping bar failure. 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